Medicalization Essay

Medicalization describes a process by which a non-medical problem becomes defined and treated as a medical problem, usually in terms of illness and disorders. Medicalization used to be focused on deviance, now it focuses on a range of human problems. Medicalization is increasing as technology advances. There are many things that have become medicalized such as Alcoholism, mental disorders, eating disorders, sexual dysfunction, etc. There are three degrees of medicalization. 1. Fully medicalized, example would be severe mental illness. 2.  Partly medicalized, example would be menopause. 3. Minimally medicalized, example would be sexual addiction. The factors that affect the degrees are the support of medical profession, available treatment, and medical insurance. In the end medicalization has increased the profitability and markets of pharmaceutical and biotechnological firms. Many factors have contributed to the rise of medicalization. For instance the loss in religious, the increase of faith in science, rationality, progress, increased prestige and the power of the medical profession. The medical profession and the expansion of medical jurisdiction were prime movers for medicalization. Medicalization has also occurred through social movements. Doctors are not the only ones involved in medicalization now, patients are active collaborators in the medicalization of their problem. The Vietnam veteran movement medicalized PTSD; AIDS treatment was done by the gay and lesbian movement, and PSM with the woman’s movement. There are both positive and negative consequences to medicalization. With everything being medicalized, some people have a better chance functioning well in society. If they are really shy, they will be diagnosed with Anxiety Disorder, and will be medicated to interact efficiently in society. People are no longer depressed, disoriented because of medical intervention, for example, menopause and anorexia. It can really improve the self-esteem of some individuals. Those were some of the positive consequences of medicalization. There are a few negative consequences as well. For instance, medicalization transforms human differences into pathologies. Example, a child with a different learning size will be accused of having a learning disability or having ADHD. By transforming all of these differences into pathologies, it will diminish our tolerance for and appreciation of the diversity of human life. Eventually every person will be labeled as sick. In the Dr. Jarvik article, the speaker demonstrates how old age is being medicalized. It isn’t acceptable to age, because one should stay young. Medicalization has brainwashed people into thinking that somethings aren’t normal when really they are. As people age they are pushed to take all of these medications to stay young and feel good, when it should be socially acceptable to age. A good example of a way medicalization has been resisted would be demedicalization. Gays have changed the definition of homosexuality from illness to lifestyle. Same thing with masturbation, it used to be considered an illness, now its something natural that most people do. These examples contradict medicalization since they have been demedicalized. Disabilities went from medical problem to societal problem. Childbirth used to have been done in a hospital under drugs. Now woman have many options on how they would like to give birth. Parents have refused to give children medication for their ADHD because they belive it wont benefit them. One example from the article would be the â€Å"ana is my friend† website that they mentioned. It is a website that helps anorexic people learn to live an anorexic lifestyle. They don’t promote it they just help anorexics adjust. In the end, Medicalization plays a huge role in todays society. It will keep on expanding from here, and along will come its consequences.

Apollo Shoe Inc

Date: 19 Jan 1:30:27 From: Dennis Reese Subject: Revenue Cycle Problems I have looked over Bradley’s report and yes we do have some issues with the Sales, and Account Receivables. The fourth quarter deviations overstated are the worst because they can have the most effect on the Financial Statements. The controls need to be more uniform as Bradley stated because then they would even out through the months instead of hitting us mostly on the fourth quarter.The company reports financial Statements each quarter and they are the months: March, June, September, and December. In their last quarter they are facing financial problems because of incorrect record sales. Some of the sales records are missing bills of lading. Also the credit approval controls are not emplaced our lack of them will cause a greater liability for collection. Will need to verify all the charges to the customer because there is many overcharge and undercharge amounts.The overcharge delay from invoice date and credit memo averages 24 days to correct the mistake. Apollo’s controls are un-reliable and we will need to follow up on all Revenue and Accounts Receivable. Also positive confirmations need to be sent to customers with accounts greater than 1,000,000 and negative confirmations need to be sent to customers with less than 1,000,000. But all the customers need to be verified that their information is correct before they are sent. Also we need to ask the customers to verify all sales they made from us for the year.

Reading Comprehension Essay

Reading comprehension is a valuable and necessary tool in the learning process. It allows the reader to expand his vocabulary, understand the text he is reading, and use various strategies as he might need them in order to improve learning. It is necessary because it shapes the reader’s understanding of ideas and words. It assists his ability to make sense of ideas and concepts. It can even affect various parts of public life, such as the political arena. In assessing the reader’s state of reading comprehension, there are three levels: literal, interpretive, and applied. If the reader is not satisfied with his own level of reading comprehension, all is not lost. There are means by which to improve it. These include growing one’s vocabulary, utilizing multiple senses, and changing one’s reading speed. All of these tools serve to advance the learning process. In order for one to understand the value reading comprehension possesses, one must first understand what it is. Reading comprehension is â€Å"the process of understanding or making meaning when reading† (Elish-Piper, 2010). The reader can use what he knows to get a grasp of the material he is reading. For example, a large vocabulary—understanding the meanings of many words—can help someone understand a wide variety of texts. The text can usually be placed into a specific category. For example, a novel about an unsolved crime would be in the category of a mystery. The reader can then place the text into a proper context. For the purposes of our mystery novel, it could be for the reader’s own enjoyment, or perhaps an assignment for a college course. Elish-Piper asserts that â€Å"when the reader is able to connect these three key components,† it is much easier for that person to comprehend what he is reading. If the reader needs to, he can use strategies to help comprehend the text better. Elish-Piper also gives ideas for those strategies. With our mystery novel example, the reader could identify the â€Å"basic elements† of the story, which are present with any novel. These include plot, setting, and the main characters. Putting one’s self in the position of characters in the text could also help. Asking questions periodically is also a positive way of self-checking for knowledge and comprehension of the text. One might ask why this comprehension is so important. The very definition of reading comprehension serves to help answer that question. If the reader does not understand what he is reading, he probably is not gaining anything from it. It would be tantamount to staring at a book written in a foreign language. Learning does not happen by osmosis; it happens through understanding. It also allows us to make sense of ideas and concepts. The wider the variety of texts one has read and comprehended, the more knowledge that person has gained. A person with increased knowledge, therefore, understands more ideas and concepts than he did before. This can impact a wide variety of areas. It can even effect areas of public policy. Politicians pass laws, and these laws are (obviously) comprised of words. In order for these leaders to understand how their legislation will affect their intended group, they have to understand what they are writing and reading. Beyond this, policy itself is sometimes designed to shape the practice of education—and thus reading comprehension itself. Over the past years, policy makers have utilized â€Å"assessment data† in the various field of education, including reading comprehension, for â€Å"education purposes† (Moskowitz & Stephens, 2004). In supplement to policy makers, educators have their own views on reading comprehension. There are three levels of reading comprehension (Gambrell, Morrow, & Pressley, 2007). The first level is â€Å"literal. † Literal reading comprehension is the understanding of the base of what is in the text. It is the most basic level and includes items that are generally not left up to interpretation. These can include names, dates, places, and the like. The second level of reading comprehension is â€Å"interpretive. † This type of reading comprehension is not concerned so much with what is actually present, but rather, what one can gather. Reading between the lines and drawing from the reader’s own knowledge, and answering subjective questions, helps. Finally, the third and most advanced level of reading comprehension is â€Å"applied. † Bluntly, this level allows the reader to utilize what is present in the text, make sense of it using context clues, and then using the knowledge gained to learn and understand concepts and ideas outside the scope of the text at hand. Perhaps the reader is not satisfied with his level of reading comprehension. All is not lost; there are means to improve. The most obvious way to improve reading comprehension is to grow one’s vocabulary. It is never too late to learn new words. However, there is more that one can do than the obvious. Using multiple senses is an out-of-the-box way to understand new material. Combining visual and auditory senses is a helpful way to increase comprehension (Woolley, 2010). The reader can use his imagination to set the scene in the text and then read the text aloud or listen to an audio book. Making an outline of the crucial points of the text and then reading that aloud is another way to reiterate key points. Moreover, reading slowly with a purpose as opposed to reading for speed is another way to be sure the reader understands details (Newkirk, 2010). â€Å"Slowing down,† â€Å"memorizing,† and â€Å"savoring passages† are steps in this beneficial process. No matter one’s level of education, reading comprehension is an invaluable tool for success in life. Once a reader understands what reading comprehension is, he can assess his level of comprehension, and then take one or more of a large number of steps to increase his ability. This, in turn, will help him be able to make sense of the world around him, and thus, put himself in a better position to succeed with whatever he does. References Elish-Piper, L. (2010). Understanding reading comprehension: Information and ideas for parents about reading comprehension. Illinois Reading Council Journal, 38 (3). 49-52. Gambrell, L. B. , Morrow, L. M. , & Pressley, M. (2007). Best practices in literacy instruction. New York, NY: Guilford Press. Moskowitz, J. H. & Stephens, M. (2004). Comparing learning outcomes: International assessments and education policy. London: RoutledgeFalmer. Newkirk, T. (2010, March). The case for slow reading. Educational Leadership, 67 (6). 6. Woolley, G. (2010, June). Developing reading comprehension: Combining visual and verbal cognitive processes. Australian Journal of Language & Literacy, 33 (2). 108-125.

647 W2D "Three main reason projects fail" Essay

647 W2D "Three main reason projects fail" - Essay Example I believe that Newton MessagePad was an impossible project since it could not withstand the stiff competition in the market. Besides, it turned to be too expensive, too big and much difficult to use than earlier expected. So, it had to fail and bring such a bid loss to the company. On the other hand, Webvan’s online grocery supply project failed because of mismanagement. Although the project was launched at the beginning of the Dot-Com Bubble, it had to fail. Having keenly followed the events at this company, I concluded that the internet grocery supply project failed because it was poorly managed. This was evidenced in 1999 when the company hired George Shaheen as its new head. After his appointment, Shaheen did not help in developing the company. Instead, he came up with expansionist policies of building branches in 26 cities without considering market and strengthening the already existing outlets. At the same time, he did not establish an effective communication between the executive management, project managers and team members (Gomez-Mejia et al., 2008). As a result, the project tremendously failed in 2001 only after managing to reach up to 10 cities. Last, but not least, IBM’s IBM 7030 (Stretch) Project failed in 1964 after it was launched in 1961 because it was over constrained. Although the management of IBM had planned to invent the world’s fastest supercomputer, it could not manage to achieve this goal because the project was seriously challenged. Its experts could not make such a computer because they lacked the required resources and skills. This explains why they were able to build a computer with a speed of only 40 times faster, not 100 times as anticipated. Hence, the project failed after selling only 9 computers. Had it not been over constrained, the company would have accomplished its goal (Flyvbjerg,

Mortality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mortality - Essay Example The statistics and records present apparent and obvious results that the infant mortality rates in U.S. are different between various races and ethnic groups and demonstrate a much higher proportion amongst the black non-Hispanic people in contrast to the white, non-Hispanic and Hispanic citizens of United States (Corr & Balk, 2010). There are numerous causes, which leads to infant mortality in the county of United States. The investigations have provided the outcomes that a small fraction of infant decease in the very early stages is because of the enormities in the mother’s fertilization or problems of the developing baby or pre-mature birth (Corr & Balk, 2010). Social and environmental factors in the U.S. that include vulnerability and openness to burning tobacco substances such as cigarette and its smoke also contribute largely that becomes one of the leading and critical contributing causes, which results in the loss of the newly born baby in the early birth period of the infant (Trinh-Shevrin & Islam & Rey, 2009).

Business extra credit questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Business extra credit questions - Essay Example Therefore, the salesperson at Outdoor Outfitters should have been aware that Neal was 12 years old, and as such could not participate in any formal decision-making. The purchaser of the pair of the ski was negligent. Even after being reminded to practice before purchasing his equipment, he proceeded against the salesperson’s advice. If only had he listened to the advice given to him by the seller’s agent, then he would not have suffered those injuries as a result of the accident. Moreover, if he had practiced before purchasing the pair of ski, then he would not have had the accident to begin with. Every retailer has an obligation to ensure that their consumers are protected. Protection involves giving information relating to a product. Additionally, the seller should ensure that the person to whom the products is being sold is in a position to make wise decisions relating to the use of the product. Therefore, every seller has a duty of care to ensure consumer protection. Though the salesperson informed the 12-year-old that he had to practice first before using the pair of ski, he had a duty of ensuring that Neal did not gain access to the equipment. As such, he could have demanded that the child return with an older person with whom he could engage in a contract. However, he did not do this, and he proceeded to sell the pair of the ski to the minor. In every business transaction, there is always an invitation to trade. This involves the seller inviting the potential buyers to come to the table so as to negotiate the sale of a particular instrument. However, this does not entail that the potential buyer has an obligation to purchase the item in question. The buyer usually has two options in this scenario; either, to accept the offer or reject it. In signing a contract, both parties involved should be in their right state of mind. This involves ensuring that the parties meet the age

Statutory Interpretation and the Human Rights Act of 1998 Essay

Statutory Interpretation and the Human Rights Act of 1998 - Essay Example According the research findings Mr. Mendoza’s application for statutory tenancy on grounds of discriminatory violation of his Convention Rights under Article 14 and Article 8 on the basis of his sexual orientation, had been allowed in the lower Courts. The European Convention guarantees fundamental human rights, including the right to privacy and freedom of sexual orientation. Any interference by public authorities therefore constitutes a violation of fundamental human rights and the right to privacy. Mr. Mendoza contended that the House of Lords should exercise its interpretative power to read and give effect to Para on statutory rights to make it compatible with Convention rights that guarantee fundamental human rights, including succession rights, which prohibit discrimination on grounds of sexual orientation. This essay declares that the Court upheld the decision on Mr. Mendoza’s statutory rights of tenancy, since Article 14 of the European Convention on Human Rights mandates that â€Å"the enjoyment of the rights and freedoms† in the Convention be secured â€Å"without discrimination.† In the case of Karner v Austria, the European Court held that there had been a violation of Article 14 of the Convention taken with Article 8, since the appellant was discriminated on a tenancy issue on the basis of his sexual orientation. Therefore, applying Parliament legislation under the Rent Act of 1977, discriminatory aspects prohibited under Convention rights were applicable to Mendoza.

Deontological Versus Teleologica Ethical Systems Essay

Deontological Versus Teleologica Ethical Systems - Essay Example This is because the helper injected the patient out of good intentions and the overdose could just be a result of misunderstanding the instructions given or forgetting them. Since the consequences of an action are of less importance, the system is deontological. Utilitarianism Unlike ethical formalism, the utilitarian system judges the moral worth of an action basing on its consequences. Therefore, a good action is that which results in the greatest benefits for the greatest number. This system seeks consistency with the belief that human nature seeks to avoid pain while maximising pleasure (Pollock, 2004). Because of this, people should always act ways that yield the greatest good/benefits verses to evil for all persons concerned. A notorious thief can be hanged so that the residents of the place can learn from it and have peace as well. It is not justifiable to hang a thief but this injustice is outweighed by the positive consequences achieved by all the town residents. The system is therefore teleological. Religion In the religious system, the moral worth of an action is judged in relation to its conformity certain beliefs. These beliefs provide religious ethics that direct and guide on how people should live. The authority of these ethics, particularly among the Christians and the Jews comes from a wilful and a rational God. For the believers, God is perfect and thus his authority is unquestionable and is not subject to further examination. Therefore, a good action is that which conforms to the will of God. For example, one should not steal even if the food was meant to save a dying person. The similarity between this system and ethical formalism is that the consequences of an action bears little weight and therefore this system is deontological.

Black community of America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Black community of America - Essay Example Same applies to the political system. According to Professor Greenburg, there is a slight difference between white and black children, when it comes to political system, because the black children a they grow older become less supportive. The blacks are really 'invisible men' when it comes to political region. Possible racial differences in political socialization are persisting. Meredith v Jefferson had been an interesting case showing a small flaw in the policy of modern schooling. Education system in America over the years had been painstakingly non-racial. Americans have been happy over the education policies that treated the children equally, irrespective of class, region, creed and race. Minority children had not been marginalized in any way. Still, in Kentucky's Jefferson County, some Black children were subjected to long journeys up to three hours to reach schools and return, for the simple reason, because there existed a law saying that every public school should not have more than 50% black student population, but not less than 15%. The law existed not due to racial discrimination, but only because it was thought not to have too overwhelming a majority of any race. Only a minority number of students were affected due to this law, resulting in long journeys spending more time than they should to reach school and back home. It was also argued that ch ildren and their parents were kept out of the entire community because they go to a far off schools and that community could not belong to them as they were not part of it. "The current arrangement, instituted in 2001, has some students being bused cross-county, taking up more time per day than most students spend in transit in several weeks. It poses obvious logistical issues and detaches children and their parents from the communities they call home, parents say" http://docket.medill.northwestern.edu/archives/003698.php Parents were also upset about the long process of annual admissions to magnet and non-magnet schools, and brought a civil suit against the county in the US District Court for the Western District of Kentucky. The claim was that their children's equality rights have been violated, and this particular act was against the 14th Amendment on the Equal Protection Clause and the District Court upheld this claim and gave the following ruling:"The 2001 Plan is a proper 'fit' because it is sufficiently flexible to determine school assignments for all students by a host of factors, such as residence, student choice, capacity, school and program popularity, pure chance and race." (ibid). It also opined that the plan was 'narrowly tailored' and should not have been based on race alone, which could give a discriminatory color to it, because America is not a separated society any more, like it was in the 1950s. The attorney representing the county argued that a small amount of inconvenience is negligible while comparing to the diversity that prevailed due to the plan in educational institutions. The plan came into existence in 1975 and under this plan, the Board maintained the same system for 25 years. POLITICAL

Sales and marketing in communication industry Essay

Sales and marketing in communication industry - Essay Example This has resulted from immense marketing by marketers who have worked tirelessly in search for new markets, which has revolutionized African continent hence increasing its mobile usage to a rate of 65% annually that is double the global average. Economists argue that, for a product to reach the market there must be sales people since for them to exist there must be the need to market a product and finally make a sale. Therefore, scholars describe marketing as the activities undertaken to generate leads that plays a major role in bringing in a sale. Where else the act of turning a prospect to a buyer and thereafter a repeat customer can describe selling. The intense cross-border marketing done in some countries in Asian continent reveal, mobile wholesalers in China and India have greatly influenced mobile exporters and importers from other countries through international trade. With the increasing demand for mobile phones, distributors are working tirelessly to meet the rising demand and in the process maintain the will to ensure international and domestic trade continues well. Wholesalers on the other hand are ensuring enough stock in their depots as a sign of rising need for these communication tools (Naresh, 2011:32). At the same time, sales and marketing is essential in ensuring availability of products and concrete information about the market. Moreover, no any movement of commodities could occur if it were not for both overseas and local marketing. Intensive marketing together with sales has helped China gain great deals of profit in handset sales and revenue obtained from such trade. Online marketing through Internet has increased demand raising revenues levied from internet users. International sales and marketing plans, as well as strategies set by mobile phone manufacturers and distributors all over the world, more than half a billion mobile phones were sold worldwide in 2009. In fact, analysts expect the number to double within a period of not more th an five years. Sales relates to marketing in a way that is very simple to understand yet very complicated in explaining. Exporters and importers in UK, France, and Germany expressed great need for faster internet enabled mobile phones. How did they come up with such a radical need? Experts have painted an ideal picture to describe the relationship between sales and marketing. It functions in an extremely miner percentage of potential customers willing and ready to buy a product. It also functions in merely those who would possibly buy at a future date as well as those others who are mildly interested in buying. For those expressing will or wish to buy at a future date, a company must assemble and assign sales representatives to create a friendly and informative follow up where this might be in form of a mail or voice broadcast. In order to reap maximum benefits through marketing and selling, investors must express will to take broad marketing measures. They might take the form of or ganizing inter-business marketing conferences, road shows, and advertising on televisions or over the radio (Naresh, 2011:43). This is evident in countries like Japan where mobile service providers have partnered with banking firms to provide mobile banking services hence this has seen the Japan claim the most vast share of mobile banking and money transfers. For them to realize this, the information technology marketers must have worked hard

LEsson VII Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

LEsson VII - Research Paper Example To achieve this, it is important to understand the return on the investment of the ICT infrastructure. The IS department is also responsible for providing the operating parameters for the users of the ICT component through training, and for providing data assurance (Kawalek2007). Another responsibility of the IS department is to ensure the functionality of the infrastructure. This is achieved through proper installation and maintenance of the ICT components, developing operating applications and assisting the users in data management and software use. The information systems department is comprised of various groups namely; technicians help desk staff, business analysts and programmers. The desktop technicians are responsible for maintaining and repairing the ICT hardware equipment. This involves repairing faulty equipment and installing new equipment. Business analysts are involved in the strategic planning within an organization, and in executing plans to ensure the organization ac hieves its objectives. The programmers are involved in developing and repairing operating applications. They are also responsible for providing system applications. ... These are some of the actions I would take in response to the following irregularities on the use of the ICT equipment. If someone from the IS department notifies me that one of my employees is spending 3 hours a day writing messages on twitter, I would ask them to identify the employee that has been spending time on twitter, and send them to the management.I would also ask the IS department to suspend all the internet connections on the employee’s computer. I would then penalize the employee by suspending all internet related tasks for them over a specific period of time (Kroenke 2007). If I ask how the IS department knows about the employee and find out that it is by secretly monitoring the computer usage, I would not be against such monitoring of internet usage because the use of the internet should be for issues related to the company, and should be used for the benefit of the company (Kawalek2007). I would, however, limit the monitoring of the internet usage to only one t rustworthy staff member in the IS department or implement an application that automatically alerts the management when the user accesses certain sites. If someone from the IS department notifies me that one of my employees is sending many personal emails, and admits to reading the mails as a precautionary measure against any suspicious emails, I would be against such monitoring because it invades the privacy of the other employees. It would also be illegal because all the employees have the right to communication. Ethically speaking, it would not be correct to view the messages personally directed to another person (Kroenke 2007). I would, however, caution the employee because it is against the company’s rules to send and receive personal emails. If as an employee

European History Essay Paper - Past Question Plans Essay Example for Free

European History Essay Paper Past Question Plans Essay This is an explain type question so its asking you to do just that, but also a little more. Merely describing the measures Ferdinand and Isabella took to cope with various problems will get some marks, but more marks will be gained if you weigh up the outcomes of these policies, and register how successful they were. For example, you may say in the essay that Ferdinand and Isabella faced economic problems, and you may go on to explain what policy(ies) they introduced to solve the problem. This would be explaining how they dealt with the problem, but you can go further and say how well they dealt with it compared to other issues, etc. Also, refer to historians and what they said about how they dealt with problems. Always link back to the question. So you must: a) Show what the problems were b) What measures they took to deal with them c) How successful these measures were, evaluating against other issues, historiographical interpretations, short-term/long-term instances. The essay: PARA 1 WHAT WERE THE PROBLEMS: i) Civil War in Aragon decline of Barcelona, civil disorder, social unrest. ii) Lack of Grandee support for Isabella. iii) Lack of Town support for Isabella. iv) Foreign menaces. v) Religious issues Jews, Muslims, Reconquista. PARA 2 HOW THEY DEALT WITH THEM: i) Civil War in Aragon: well, King John of Aragon was very much in favour of a marriage alliance of Ferdinand with Isabella. John saw this as a way of engineering territorial security in area like Catalonia, keeping the French at bay. He also saw the possibility of better economic ties that would help halt the decline of Barcelona and peasant unrest. Thus, Chroniclers depicted Ferdinand King in January 1479 as the founder of a new Age, a Messiah. The real problems in Aragon, however, like that of town control over financial policy, were not even attempted to be sorted out until after 1479 when Ferdinand had been King for a few years. However, between 1469 and 1479, we can see the ideal behind Johns plan to marry Ferdinand and Isabella, as it was meant to give Ferdinand a better chance to reviving Aragons fortunes something, in the long-term, which slowly starts to happen, for example with the emergence of town consulados, etc. ii) Lack of Grandee support for Isabella: Isabella had some Grandee support but she needed more in order to win her succession. The succession crisis was the biggest issue, and within that, the lack of Grandee support an important problem that needed to be addressed. So, she had to make deals to get support. She needed their support as Grandees had land, money, power and men they could make or break a monarch. So, she bought them off: Cardinal Mendoza was promised a Chancellorship, his brother was created Duke of Infantado; Enriquez was made Admiral of Castile; Velasco made Constable of Castile. Isabella said support me and Ill reward you, and this is how she changed the potentially dangerous situation of only a minority of Nobles supporting her, to a majority in favour of her. iii) Lack of town support: Most towns were in revolt; many bandos fought for their own control of the towns and cities, depriving Ferdinand and Isabella of an important power base. Isabella used a variety of techniques to overcome the problem, demonstrating her political aptitude and ability to work out different answers to varying situations. Thus, Burgos was promised Royal protection from liberty-threatening nobles after Burgoss citizens highlighted this as a major hindrance in their supporting of Isabella. Toledo was offered extensive privileges if they submitted; Seville was threatened with financial and commercial penalties if Isabellas right as Queen was refused there. Rodrigo declared in favour of Isabella - How important was religion in influencing the policies of Ferdinand and Isabella? The only way to avoid narrative is to structure an essay properly and to focus on explaining and arguing, rather than telling the story. It takes a certain amount of courage to accept, but a shorter, focused, analytical answer is much better than a long, narrative one! If you can, use short, snappy quotations to support your analysis, rather than long factual descriptions. Clearly you understand that religion was important and since this is the factor given in the essay title, you need to deal with this in the greatest depth. A brief introduction stressing the piety of Ferdinand and (especially) Isabella (eg ref the Catholic monarchs, the fact that their tomb in Granada Cathedral records only their achievements in religion) should be an followed by an explanation of how the conquest of Granada, the establishment of religious uniformity, the reform of the Spanish Church and even the sponsorship of Columbus were motivated by religious aims. In the context of this essay, the policy of religious uniformity requires particular attention, as the implementation of this policy was politically difficult (eg opposition to the Inquisition, especially in the Aragonese kingdoms and the revolt of the Alpujarras) and economically damaging (eg the loss of the wealth and commercial skills of the Jewish community especially in Barcelona and the disruption to trade and agriculture in Granada after the expulsion of the Moors). It therefore shows the importance of religion in the formation and implementation of policy, given that Ferdinand Isabella were willing to accept the consequent political and economic difficulties. However, to give your essay balance you will need also to explain that these religious policies had other aims too, given the pressing need to restore and strengthen royal authority (particularly in Castile, after the anarchy of Henry IVs reign and the civil war). In particular, the conquest of Granada and the sponsorship of Columbus were motivated by economic aims, while the conquest and reform of the Church also had broader political aims (eg the conquest united the nobility behind the new regime and gave it a safe outlet for its aggressive instincts, while ecclesiastical reform went some way to establishing royal authority over the Spanish Church). You should conclude that this complex of motives religious, political and economic was inevitable, given the personality of the Catholic monarchs and the context of their reign. I hope all this helps you with your studies. Good luck! - How United was Spain by 1516? The main thing with any essay is to be clear in your mind about what you are going to say. Yes, there are different interpretations but the only point of view your exam marker is really interested in is yours! So you must decide right from the beginning what you think the answer is and structure your essay accordingly. If you have time, you can include some discussion of the other views/possibilities in your conclusion! In the case of this essay, there are a number of possible answers: ie Ferdinand Isabella united Spain more or less completely; they didnt unite it at all; or they united it in some ways but not others. Common sense will tell you that the last approach is probably the best one! Having decided what your argument is going to be, you can say so in your introduction (ie Ferdinand Isabella imposed religious uniformity on Spain and created a dynastic union: however measure designed to bring about closer economic ties were half-hearted at best and they never united Spain politically) and structure the rest of the essay accordingly. Start off by explaining those areas where unity was achieved, in particular the implementation of policies designed to bring about religious uniformity (conquest of Granada, expulsion of Jews and Moors, Inquisition) and the dynastic union resulting from the marriage of Ferdinand Isabella that also enabled the Catholic Kings to pursue common military and foreign policy aims. However, you should be aware that all of this only went so far. For example, the supposedly Spanish conquest of Granada actually resulted in the expansion of the crown of Castile, while toleration of Moorish practices actually continued in Aragon (especially Valencia). Perhaps most telling was the fact that after Isabellas death, Ferdinand re-married in order to prevent (unsuccessfully) Charles of Burgundy from inheriting Aragon as well as Castile. In other words, Ferdinand did not want the dynastic union created by himself and Isabella to last if it meant that their joint heir would be a Habsburg prince. Consider the economy next: unity is suggested by the equalisation of currencies (often referred to as the introduction of a common currency) and the introduction of a rudimentary postal service. However, internal customs barriers and regulations protecting the privileged status of native merchants in towns like Barcelona, Valencia and Seville remained. Finally, explain that Ferdinand Isabella certainly didnt unite Spain in any political sense. Indeed, they probably had no intention of ever doing so (for example they never called themselves the King and Queen of Spain!). The component kingdoms all had their own rights and privileges that made it almost impossible to rule as a single political unit . Indeed, given the potential strength of the crown in Castile (and the weakness of royal authority in Aragon) Ferdinand Isabella wisely concentrated on restoring the authority of the crown there, leaving Aragon more or less to its own devices. Apart from the Inquisition, there were no common political, administrative, legal or military institutions and the rights of the Aragonese kingdoms, Navarre and the Basque Provinces were fully respected (apart from the imposition of the Inquisition). Conclude this section of your essay by referring to events after Isabellas death, when Ferdinand was seen as a foreign ruler with no rights in Castil e and was consequently excluded from the government of the country. It was only the death of Archduke Philip and the madness of Joanna that forced the Castilian administration under Cisneros to turn (very reluctantly!) to Ferdinand for assistance. As noted above, your conclusion might include discussion of other interpretations/points of view but it is better if you end up reinforcing your own argument! If you can, find a snappy quotation that supports your point of view to end with! I hope this hopes you with your studies. Good luck!

McWill SCDMA Wireless Access Technology Computer Science Essay

McWill SCDMA Wireless Access Technology Computer Science Essay McWiLL is the most advanced broadband wireless solution provided by Beijing Xinwei Telecommunications Technology. The technology is based on SCDMA, and is known as Multicarrier Wireless information Local Loop (McWiLL). McWiLL combines SCDMAs traditional use in narrow-band voice and introduces a mobile broadband data service that ties into an IP-based core network. It is based on CS-OFDMA adaptive modulation, and uses dynamic channel allocation and smart antennas to enhance its throughput. SCDMA is a wireless access technology developed by Beijing Xinwei Telecom Technology Co., Ltd. The SCDMA air interface is a national wireless access standard in China. The SCDMA products contains a full suite of advanced wireless communication and networking technologies, such as smart antennas. The key technologies of SCDMA form the foundation of TD-SCDMA, an ITU Standard for 3G Wireless Communications. Earlier SCDMA products are narrowband products focusing on fixed and mobile voice applications. A new generation of SCDMA products are broadband products, Multicarrier Wireless Internet Local Loop (McWiLL), focusing on fixed and mobile voice and high speed data application. McWiLL has been deployed in several Chinese cities, including Guangzhou and Qingdao, where its been used for video, voice and data communication. McWiLL successfully served for 2008 Beijing Olympic Regatta, providing the high-definition, real-time mobile video services. Internationally it has been deployed in more than fifteen countries, such as USA, Cameroon, Nigeria, Ukraine, Malawi, and Mozambique. McWiLL is a TDD-based wireless access platform that combines SCDMA (synchronous CDMA), CS-OFDM (code spreading orthogonal frequency division multiple access), MIMO and smart antennas, as well as other wireless techniques such as adaptive modulation (up to QAM64), dynamic channel allocation and make-before-break handoff, to offer a high-speed data and voice services. All these features are designed to work with any IP core network and provide up to 15Mbps of data rate using 5MHz of spectrum. http://oksunpeng.blogspot.com/ In a way, McWiLL tries to incorporate all of todays wireless networking techniques into a single platform which is very possibly why it is almost impossible for a normal human to understand. McWiLL Base Station supports the following features: (a) Support up to 15Mbps net throughput with 5MHz bandwidth; (b) Support fixed and mobile, voice and data services; (c) Support up to 163dB link budget; (d) Support Make-before-Break handoff and L2 tunnel; (e) Support QoS and GoS features; (f) Support Over-the-Air upgrade; (g) Support low power consumption (150 Watt); (e) Support VLAN, PPPoE and penetration of private networks http://oksunpeng.blogspot.com/2009/03/what-is-mcwill.html McWill(Multi-carrier Wireless Information Local Loop) is a mobile broadband access system based on SCDMA technology platform. McWiLL Technology Smart Antennas Dynamic Channel Assignment Code Spread OFDMA (CS-OFDMA) Time Division Duplex (TDD) Efficient VoIP Technology Make-before-Break Baton Handoff Adaptive Modulation QoS GoS Security Fraud Protection McWiLL System Features Main Services ¼Ã… ¡Fixed, portable, mobile voice and data communications. Main Features ¼Ã… ¡BTS with 5MHz can support up to 15Mbps net throughput, each sector can support more than 300 simultaneous sessions, supporting high-speed mobility, handoff and roaming, N=1 frequency planning, and low latency. Product Characteristics: Support up to 100KM/H mobile speed Terminals are backward compatible Support efficient voice communications and low-bandwidth data. Support N=11 deployment. Products available in the following frequencies: 336-344MHz, 400-430MHz, 698-746MHz,1785MHz-1805MHz, 2150-2180MHz, 2525-2560MHz, 3300-3400MHz Characteristics of Chinese Rural Areas Challenges ¼Ã… ¡ Low subscriber density, large separation of villages, far away from urban areas Complicated environment (mountainous and hilly terrain) Poor facility (backhaul, power supply, etc.) Low income Current wireline/wireless communication systems cannot meet these challenges Low ARPU Less than $4/month in most areas Busty traffic High traffic especially in Chinese traditional holidays Asymmetric traffic More incoming calls than outgoing calls Little usage of value added services Unique Advantages of Deploying McWiLL Large coverage enables fewer cell sites which are expensive in developing countries, leading to much lower Capex and Opex. N=1 deployment enables a wide area network with as little as 5MHz spectrum, leading to much lower upfront investment on spectrum which is usually quite expensive. Products with a wide range of frequency allow an operator to choose the most cost effective spectrum to operate. Lower terminal cost and adequate data rates allow an operator to minimize the Opex and lower the entry barriers for a subscriber. Most McWiLL terminals can support both voice and data services. GSM/McWiLL dual mode handsets/PDAs allow an end user to enjoy 3G beyond performance of McWiLL data and cost effective voice without sacrificing easy access advantages of GSM. Summary of McWiLL Advantages Large coverage (up to 60Km) Smart antenna,400MHz frequency band Low cost Already large volume, cost effective architecture, SCDMA ASIC chipset, no royalty fees, low RD cost, low manufacture cost, multiple vendors due to SCDMA Alliance High capacity BTS capacity 24Mbps/10MHz ¼Ã…’supporting up to 8,000 voice subscribers One system fits all Via flexible configuration, one system can meet the requirements of different user groups (high-end and low-end), services (voice and data), and time (current and future). Product maturity and reliability 10 years RD, large scale deployment, redundancy architecture, long time operational networks, an experienced team of installation and customer support. Easy to install and maintenance Terminal zero install, easy-to-use tools for customer self debugging, remote access trouble shooting tools for support personnel. Abstract In this presentation, we will first give an introduction of popular wireless multiplex technologies such as WCDMA and OFDMA and then present our McWiLL technology which is an optimal integration of WCDMA and OFDMA technologies to effectively address the technical challenges of wireless broadband access, such as capacity, coverage, multipath fading, and intercell interference. In other words, McWiLL effectively avoids the major drawbacks of WCDMA and OFDMA and draws their advantages of both technologies. Unlike voice centric WCDMA or data centric OFDMA (WiMax), the McWiLL wireless broadband access system can efficiently combines both voice and data applications. Finally, we will provide brief introduction of McWiLL product roadmap and application. McWiLL Fits Chinese Rural Markets à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Smart antenna and 400MHz frequency band allows the McWiLL systems to have large NLOS coverage (up to 60KM). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Multicarrier BTS can support up to 8,000 voice subscribers having sufficiently high capacity to support bursty traffic in rural applications. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Cost effective architecture and SCDMA ASICs allow the McWiLL products to have sufficiently low cost per line ($60-80 overall cost per line including both terminal and infrastructure). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Zero install of McWiLL terminals and rich tools for self and remote troubleshooting make it very easy to deploy the McWiLL systems in rural areas. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 10 years RD, redundancy architecture and large-scale deployment (>2 million subscribers) make the McWiLL products mature and reliable enough to deploy in remote rural areas. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Integrated voice and data solutions can allow the McWiLL systems to meet both current and future service requirements of rural customers. My opinion Multicarrier Wireless Internet Local Loop (McWill) is developed by Beijing Xinwei Telecom Technology Co., Ltd. It is a wireless access technology which can cover for the very large area, its coverage can up to 60KM. Therefore it is very suitable for china because it is a big country. Its been used for video, voice and data communication and successfully served for 2008 Beijing Olympic. Even though McWill is very popular but it cannot be use for every country for example, Singapore. Singapore is a small country if using the technology of McWill, there will be a lot of wasted.

Introduction To What Is A Hammer Mill Engineering Essay

Introduction To What Is A Hammer Mill Engineering Essay It is a machine used to shred material into fine particles (size reduction). They have many sorts of applications in many industries, including: Milling grain, Ethanol plants (corn), Grinding used shipping pallets for mulch, Sawmills, size reduction of trim scrap and planer shavings into boiler fuel or mulch, A farm machine, which mills grain into coarse flour to be fed to livestock. Operation The principle of hammermill is straightforward. A hammermill is a steel drum containing a vertical or horizontal rotating shaft or drum on which hammers are mounted. The hammers are free to swing on the ends of the cross, or fixed to the central rotor. The rotor is spun at a high speed inside the drum while material is fed into a feed hopper. The material is impacted by the hammer bars and is thereby shredded and expelled through screens in the drum of a selected size. Hammer mill apple shredder for juicing. Small grain hammermills are operated on household current. Large automobile shredders could use one or more 2000 horsepower (1.5 MW) diesel engines to power the hammermill. The Screenless hammer mill uses air flow to separate small particles from larger ones. It is designed to be more reliable, much cheaper more energy efficient than regular hammermills. In the feed processing process there may be a number of ingredients that require some form of processing. These include coarse cereal grains, corn that requires particle size reduction which will improve the ingredient performance increase the nutritive value. One of the methods to achieve this particle size reduction is using hammer-mills. Both hammering and rolling can achieve the desired result of achieving adequately ground ingredients, but other factors also need to be looked at before choosing the suitable method to grind. Excessive size reduction can lead to wasted electrical energy, unnecessary wear on mechanical equipment and possible digestive problems in livestock and poultry. For more in depth information regarding what actually occurs to the ingredients during size reduction please refer to this link: particle size reduction.    Mechanism of action: Hammer mills reduce the particle size of materials by impacting a slow moving target, such as a cereal grain, with a rapidly moving hammer. The target has low kinetic energy, whereas the hammer has high kinetic energy. The transfer of energy resulting from the collision fractures the grain into many pieces. Since impact is the primary force used in a Hammer mill to reduce the size of the particles, so, whatever increases the chance of a collision between a hammer and a target, increases the magnitude of the collision, would be an enhancer to particle size reduction. Particles produced using a hammermill are spherical in shape with a polished surface. A wide variation in the particle size distribution would occur where there will be some large-sized and many small-sized particles. Advantages: being to produce a wide range of particle sizes suitable for friable material and fiber easy to use lower cost when compared with a roller mill easy to maintain particles produced are spherical, with a surface that appears polished. Disadvantages: Less energy efficient than roller mill May generate heat so considered as a source of energy loss. Greater particle size variability (less uniform) Noisy generate dust pollution General Design The major components of these hammermills, include: A delivery device: used to introduce the material to be ground into the path of the hammers. A rotor comprised of a series of machined disks mounted on the horizontal shaft performs this task. Free-swinging hammers that are suspended from rods running parallel to the shaft and through the rotor disks. The hammers carry out the function of smashing the ingredients in order to reduce their particle size. A perforated screen and either gravity- or air-assisted removal of ground product. Acts to screen the particle size of the hammer mill to ensure particles meet a specified maximum mesh size. Feeder design Materials are introduced into the paths of the hammers by a variable speed vein feeder. This type of feeder can have its motor slaved by a programmable controller to the main drive motor of the hammer mill. The operational speed of the feeder is controlled to maintain optimum amperage loading of the main motor. Hammer design and configuration The design is determined by operating parameters such as rotor speed, motor horsepower, open area in the screen. Optimal hammer design provides maximum contact with the feed ingredient. Hammer mills in which the rotor speed is approximately 1,800 rpm, should be using hammers which are around 25cm (~ 10 inches) long, 6.35cm (~2.5 inches) wide, 6.4mm (0.25 inches) thick. A rotor speed of about 3,600 rpm, hammers should be 15 to 20 cm (~ 6-8 inches long, 5 cm (~ 2 inches) wide, 6.4 mm (0.25 inches) thick. The number of hammers used for a hammer mill of 1,800 rpm, should be 1 for every 2.5 to 3.5 horsepower, and for 3,600 rpm, one for every 1 to 2 horsepower. Hammers should be balanced on the rods so that they wonà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢t trail one another. The distance between hammer and screen should be 12 to 14 mm (~ 1/2 inch) for size reduction of cereal grains. The velocity is important for proper size reduction. Tip speed is the speed of the hammer at its furthest edge(tip) from the rotor, and is calculated by : Range of tip speeds seen in hammermills is commonly in the range between 5,000 and 7,000 m/min (~ 16,000 and 23,000 feet per minute). When the tip speeds exceed 23,000 feet per minute, consideration must be given to the design of the hammer mill, the materials used, and the fabrication of components. Changing the rotational speed of the drive source is not a recommended method of increasing hammer speed in excess of 23,000 feet per minute. The primary force used in hammermill is the impact, which increases the chance of a collision between a hammer and a target provides an advantage in particle size reduction. The magnitude of the collision is increased by increasing the speed of the hammers. Screen Design The amount of open area in a hammer mill screen controls the particle size and grinding efficiency. The screen must be designed to provide the greatest amount of open area. Recommended ratio for grains would be 55 cm2 (~ 8-9 inches square) per horsepower (Bliss, 1990). The removal of sized material from a hammermill is a critical design feature. Proper output of material affects not only the efficiency of operation, but also particle size. When the correct ratio of screen area to horsepower is used and proper distance between hammers and screen face is maintained. Excessive size reduction is anti-productive. Energy is wasted in the heat production, throughput is restricted, resulting in the particles becoming too small. Most newer hammermills are equipped with an air-assist system that draws air into the hammer mill with the product to be ground. Systems are designed to provide reduced pressure on the exit side of the screen to disrupt the fluidized bed of material on the face of the screen, thus allowing particles to exit through screen holes. Some full circle hammer mills are designed so the screen is in two pieces. It is possible to use a larger hole size on the upward arc of the hammers to further reduce the amount of material on the face of the screen.    Hammer Mill Perforated Screens Hammer mills screens are used inside a hammer mill to seperate particle sizes. Particle of small diameter that has been grinded by the hammer mill passes through the screen and leaves the hammer mill with the aid of the pneumatic system. Application: Hammer Mills Uses and Advantages in Grinding Oil Seeds Other Materials Availability Hammer Mills are known as the best grinding machine for all kinds of material, besides oil seeds. A wide assortment of highly developed and advanced Hammer Mills / Disintegrators are available in the market today. They are fabricated to have a strong and sturdy body and are also available in different types, size, and capacities. These come with automatic controls, which makes the machines very easy to use. The number of hammers can also be customized as however the user requires it. Its use increases the output by a large quantity, thus saving more time and energy. Oil Seeds Grinding Grinding of seeds with Hammer Mills increases the quality level of the seeds. Some of the seeds that can be grinded and disintegrated using Hammer Mills are as follows: Cotton seeds Ground nuts Copra Soybeans, etc. Advantages of Using Hammer Mill in oil seed grinding: * Efficient grinding at the shortest time. * Time and Effort saving. * Less electricity power consumption. * Available in different capacities sizes. * Very low maintenance. Conclusion: Hammer Mill is the most common equipment used for the purpose of particle size reduction. It has wide scale of applications in grinding seeds, nuts, and beans and other materials for more industrial purposes. It has the advantage of High efficacy in the shortest time. Thus, considered time saving and less consuming for the human efforts. Beside the low energy consumption, high availability and ease of use and maintenance. It has some drawbacks the most important of which are energy loss, less uniform product and being noisy dust polluting. Its mechanism of action had been explained above in details that it acts to reduce the size of the particles, so, whatever increases the chance of a collision between a hammer and a target, increases the magnitude of the collision, would be an enhancer to particle size reduction.

The Feminist Approach to Antigone and A Dolls House Essay example --

An expression commonly used by high school students around the age of fourteen to seventeen is â€Å"JESSICA! I AM HUNGRY, MAKE ME A SANDWICH.† This can be related to other countries in the present day as well as in the past. The play Antigone written by Sophocles, a young girl decides to follow the rules of the Gods rather than the rules of man, especially when it came to the proper burial of her brother Polynices. Antigone decides to bury her brother even though it was against the civil laws to even mourn him. This action is pertinent to the feminists of the day because Creon treats Antigone with absolutely no respect and acts as if she is ignorant. Likewise in the play A Dolls House written by Ibsen, Nora, the main character, takes out a loan in defiance of laws that denied women the right to borrow money or even the right to work outside of the home. Nora shows her true strengths when her husband is dying and she needs the money, but as the play progresses one can see more and more of her strengths as far as her willingness to work like men. Nora and Antigone show great strength and are active in the sense that they work hard to get what they want. Lastly, both Nora and Antigone appear to change through the plots. Nora and Antigone show so many different amazing strengths for women of their day. In Antigone when Antigone is presenting the idea to bury Polynices to Ismene she says â€Å"I’ll bury him myself and even if I die in the act that death will be a glory†(Sophocles 18) . This means that she will go to any length to make sure Polynices has a proper burial. The reason this is so important is that she knows that Creon has already made a decree that no one should even mourn Polynices let alone bury him. It shows great strength to ... ...a and Antigone in this doltish way to show the members of their society and our society today that a woman can be smart. Ibsen and Sophocles were way ahead of their time. Most women even back in the 1800’s went from the hand of one man to the next. They listened and obeyed everything that their fathers said then when they were old enough to get married they listened and obeyed to everything their husband said, and that was how there life was. Antigone and Nora show women, in particular, in 440 B.C. and in the 1800’s that it was a good thing to be independent and stand up for what you believe in. They show the whole audience and the world even today that they are strong and courageous and have great motivation that helps them get through their life whether that means they end their own life or they move away from the men holding them back from their full potential.

Essay --

Introduction Approximately 1,000 brain and nervous system disorders are directly responsible for more hospitalizations and lost productivity than any other comparable disease group. (Shen, 2013, p. 655). In addition, these disorders restrict criminals from refraining to engage in malicious activity. This inability to distinguish right from wrong is a result of the individual’s consciousness being disorientated while committing a crime. Neuroscience, the study of nerves and how nerves affect learning and behavior, is a relatively new science that can provide the justice system with insight on why criminals act differently from law abiding citizens in particular scenarios. Research in neuroscience shows a strong correlation between brain function and a human’s personhood which includes individual characteristics and cognitive thinking patterns. Neuroscience is capable of providing evidence of a person's â€Å"future dangerousness† in order to deter future altercations. The und erstanding of a human’s thought process through neuroscience should be permissible in the courtroom for more informed court rulings and to transition in to a more progressive approach of criminal punishment. Background of Neuroscience Neuroscience consists of an extensive background of research that has led to various discoveries regarding the human brain. The human brain is the mediator for every aspect of the human body. The brain dictates a wide range of functions spanning from emotion and memory to heart rate and blood flow. The brain is also responsible for how we think, believe, dream and even aspire. A human’s reactions to medical treatments are even processed through the brain. The brain is the sole organ that provides all of the functions that comprise a... ...ails about the brain but will not improve the existing legal principles. It is assumed that the current legal principles in place are still in effect because they provide us with a sensible version of justice. Some fear allowing neuroscience in the courtroom may alter traditional methods that the system has used consistently. The new discoveries in neuroscience will not change the law; they will simply transform the public’s opinion on civil responsibility leading to more effective court rulings and how to approach a more progressive punishment that benefits society. The prosecutors and defense attorneys will both have the ability to benefit from neuroscience. The main factors lie predominately in the history of the criminal, the thoughts and recollections of the judge and/or jurors, as well as the lawyers’ abilities to apply the best case possible for their client.

Life in a Hostel

The life in a hostel is different from that of the home. At home, sometimes it becomes different to frame suitable timetable of studies. There may be relatives or guests visiting frequently and making the atmosphere of home quite unfit for serious studies. In such situation hostel-life seems to be boon for a student. Far from his/her home, he/she finds all facilities that are essential for sound studies in a hostel. Hence, hostel life is welcomed by most of the students. Hostel life is regular and helpful to study.Hostel is a place where students are given proper environment for all round development resulting in good careers. Here they find safety against many social evils. Living in a hostel students have to follow its general rules and regulations which are meant to make their life regular and punctual, the basic needs of success. They are taught to be self dependent; also they are given guidelines so that they may prove themselves worthy citizens of the nation. In schools, more e mphasis is given on text books and the students are kept busy in completing homework in different subjects.In hostel too text books are taught with great care but at the same time, the students are given education on morality, responsibility and other basic norms of human life. In a hostel, a student comes in contact with a number of other students. He acquires many good qualities from them. When a student sees his next door neighbour daily taking morning exercise, he also gets inspired and starts doing the same. One good student becomes an example for other hostellers’.Thus a good environment is created where the hostellers’ sole aim becomes to devote their time to useful activities, in which studies comes at the top. Hostel life makes the students competitive. They do hard labour in company of their room-partners and accordingly dream for bright future. At times they help the weak students in their studies. They support each other by sharing their joys and sorrows. T hus, hostel life not only develops the spirit of healthy competition, but also teaches the lesson of mutual cooperation. But hostel life has many drawbacks.Students coming for the first time to a hostel, find entirely new atmosphere. Sometimes they misuse the freedom, they get in the hostel. They begin to smoke and at times, even to drink. Studies become secondary for them. Such students must not be sent to hostels. Instead they should live under parental care. Overall hostel life is a boon and a bane-both at the same time. It is a boon for those students who take advantage of it and make their life successful. On the other hand it is a bane for those who fail to realize the, very purpose of hostel life and spoil their future.

Children Education Special Needs Essay

This first chapter introduces you to an atomic upshot 18a of pedagogics that has greatly affected the lives of countless(prenominal) barbarianren in positive elbow inhabit. Together we will interpret a look at the musical theme counterchange of thought that has acceden place, non sole(prenominal) in this country, however excessively in natural(prenominal)wise parts of the world. This, in turn, has influenced our find breaking of how we identify clawren who supplicate supernumerary involve. Here you will analyse the develop scenario that greatly affects every of us as we argon be introduced to various groups who argon directly or indirectly associated with these tiddlerren.They take p atomic number 18nts, educators, legislators, and even our leaders. But in the truly central spotlight be the nestlingren who atomic number 18 portentous or who bring supererogatory process. As you induce acquainted with newfound terminology, keep your centralise on the study trends outlined, e finickyly as these be interwoven into later chapters, as they laid-backlight issues related to to groups of babyren with peculiar(prenominal)(prenominal) pick outs or surpassingities. nidus Questions 1. How claim perspectives on treating man-to-mans with peculiar(a) c alone for changed over meter? 2.What atomic number 18 the major forces that affect case-by-cases with excess ineluctably exploitation? 3. How grow families been instrugenial in obtaining work for mortals with supererogatory needs or particular(a) electric s strikerren? 4. What trends show that individuals with specific needs or co deprivational individuals ar becoming to a greater extent integrated into participation? Chapter Outline 1. Who atomic number 18 the individuals with peculiar(prenominal) needs or particular(a) chelaren? 2. Characteristics of those with particular(prenominal) needs or surpassing Children 3. Identifying take-age tykes w ith specific needs 4.Methods of cultivational nutrition 5. instructional strategies 6. Changing perspectives on modified needs squirtren or colossal small fryren 7. environ rational influences on additional needs nipperren or colossal individuals 8. Families of exceptional needs children or exceptional children 9. The supererogatory needs children and the preparedays 10. The particular needs children in the partnership 11. Issues Related To The spear carrier Needs Children 12. comprehensive commandment in Malaysia Country propound 1. Who Are the Exceptional Children or Children with picky Need 2.Who Are the Exceptional Children or Children with supererogatory Need supernumerary knowledge is the discipline of scholars with finical needs or exceptional children in a modality that addresses the educatees individual resistences and needs. Ideally, this process involves the individually think and systematically monitored arrangement of t separatelying proc edures, cap able-bodied equipment and sensibles, accessible settings, and a nonher(prenominal)(a) interjections designed to service of process savants with special needs achieve a higher level of psycheal liberty and success in school and residential area. rough of the common special needs of these children complicate challenges with knowledge, discourse challenges, emotional and behavioral dis marks, physiological disabilities, and developmental disorders. Special needs scholarly persons usefulness from additional preparational service such as different tone-beginninges to teaching, use of technology, a specifically adapted teaching area, or election path. We define a child with special needs or exceptional child as a child who differs from the average or normal child in 1) mental characteristics, 2) sensory abilities,3) communication abilities, 4) behavior and emotional development, 4) children with five-fold and un great(p)erated handicapping checks, o r 5) sensual characteristics.These differences must draw to such an extent that in order to develop his or her alone(p) capabilities, the child requires a modification of school practices, or special program lineal service. Perhaps the rendering minded(p) is quite ecumenical. You dexterity be asking what is meant by average or normal? What is special culture? How do we decide whether the child requires special didactics services or not? 2.CHAR personationERISTICS OF extra of necessity OR EXCEPTIONAL CHILDREN 2. CHAR pretendERISTICS OF circumscribed NEEDS OR EXCEPTIONAL CHILDREN Children are considered upbringingally exceptional only when it is needful to alter the educational program. As an example, a child is considered exceptional if he or she is unable to pick out or to superscript culture in the traditional way or a child becomes bore by what is be taught in the classway because he or she is far out front of differents. The term exceptional child nates mea n different things in education, in psychology, or in other disciplines.In education we usually group children of interchangeable characteristics for instructional purposes. rough regular(prenominal) groupings are as fol measly 1. Intellectual differences This includes children who work high intellectual abilities as well as those who are slow to learner 2. Sensory differences This includes children with auditory or ocular frustratements or disabilities 3. Communication differences This includes children with cultivation disabilities, or spoken language and language disabilities 4. Behavior differences This includes children who are emotionally disturbed or friendlyly maladjusted.5. Children with multiple and severe handicapping defines This includes children with combines of impairments (for example rational palsy and mental retardation deafness and blindness) 6. Physical differences. This includes children with non-sensory disabilities that impede mobility and physic al life When discussing a child as learner, we need to look at the complete portrait of the child itself, including the sociable and family con textual offspring in which the child lives. These are the complex and unique forces which influence the child individuality.Once we befool a go at it this, it is easier to choose the most tolerate instructional strategies and the most suitable learning environment. 3. IDENTIFYING STUDENTS WITH exceptional NEEDS 3. IDENTIFYING STUDENTS WITH particular NEEDS Some children are easily identified as lay nighdidates for special needs from their medical report diagnosed with a genetic condition that is associated with mental retardation, brain damage, developmental disorder, visual or earreach disabilities, or other disabilities. little obvious identification are pupils with learning uncontrollableies.Two elemental methods put one across been use for identifying them i. discrepancy model depends on the teacher noticing that the scholars doings are noticeably below what is expected, and ii. reaction to intervention model which advocates to earlier intervention. In the discrepancy model, a student start outs special educational services for a specific learning difficulty (SLD) if the child has at least normal intelligence, and his faculty member achievement is below what is expected of with his or her sizeable quotient (IQ)..The discrepancy model recently has been criticized among researchers because hatfulvass SLDs on the basis of the discrepancy among achievement and IQ does not herald the effectiveness of treatment. down(p) academician achievers who alike have low IQ come on to do good from treatment just as much as low academic achievers who have normal or high intelligence. Therefore an alternative approach has been identified. This approach i. identifies children who are having difficulties in school in their first or secondment twelvemonth after starting school. ii. extends problematic children with assistant such as participating in a translation remedy program.iii. focuses on responses of these children on the intervention provided, then determines whether they are designated as having a learning disability. iv. watchs that those fewer who still have trouble whitethorn then receive designation and advertise tending.M any(prenominal) experts believe that i. early remediation throne greatly foreshorten the number of children joining diagnostic criteria for learning disabilities. ii. the focus on learning disabilities and the formulation of adaptions in school fails to acknowledge that citizenry have a range of strengths and weaknesses and iii.most parents and teachers place exuberant emphasis on academics In dowery these children, their individual needs should be minded(p) a priority.Some of the critical issues need to be taken into considerations are i. operate for these children should be customized to address each individual students unique ne eds. ii. Special educators should provide a continuum of services, in which students with special needs receive services in varying degrees based on their individual needs iii. Programs need to be tell apart so that they address the unique combination of needs in a given student iv.preceptal vocationals need to use personalised Education Programs (IEP) when referring to a students need v.They are being assessed for educational purposes i. e. to determine their specific strengths and weaknesses vi. All localisation, resources, and goals are determined on the basis of the students needs vii. Should plan for accommodations and modifications to the steady program which include changes in curriculum, accessory aides or equipment, and the provision of narrow down physical adaptations that depart students to participate in the educational environment to the fullest extent possible.4. METHODS OF educational PROVISION 4. METHODS OF EDUCATIONAL PROVISION This fucking be broadly groupe d into quartet categories, (using North American terminology) i. inclusion body Students with special educational needs spend all, or at least more than half, of the school day with students who do not have special educational needs. Since inclusion can require substantial modification of the general curriculum, most schools use it only for selected students with kookie to moderate special needs. Specialized services whitethorn be provided inside or remote the mend classroom, depending on the eccentric of service.Students may occasionally leave the regular classroom to attend smaller, more intense instructional sessions in a resource room, or to receive other related services that might require vary equipment or might be turbulent to the rest of the class, such as speech and language therapy, occupational therapy, physical therapy, or might require greater privacy, such as steering sessions with a social worker. ii. MainstreamingThe practice of educating students with special needs in classes with non-handicapped students during specific condemnation periods based on their skills.iii. Segregation The practice of educating students in a sieve classroom or special school. Some of the typical features are * students with special needs spend no time in classes with non-disabled students * students may attend the self kindred(prenominal) school where regular classes are provided, merely spend all instructional time exclusively in a separate classroom for students with special needs * if their special class is located in an mundane school, they may be provided opportunities for social integration outside the classroom, e.g. , by eating meals with non-disabled students iv. exclusionA student who does not receive instruction in any school is thus excluded from school. Exclusion may be described as * Those children with special needs which have been excluded from school, and such exclusion may still occur where there is no legal mandate for special education services, such as in create and under developed countries * Children who are downcast and need to be hospitalized housebound children, or thosedetained by the criminal justice system. These children may receive one-on-one instruction or group instruction in hospital, at home, or the place where they are being detained. further, students who have been suspended or expelled from schools are not considered excluded in this sense. 5. instructional STRATEGIES 5. INSTRUCTIONAL STRATEGIES Different instructional techniques are utilize for close to students with special educational needs. Instructional strategies are classified as being either accommodations or modifications.An accommodation is a reasonable adjustment to teaching practices so that the student learns the like material, exactly in a format that is accessible to the student. Accommodations may be classified by whether they change the presentation, response, setting, or scheduling. For example, the school may keep back a student with visual impairments by providing a large print textbook. This is cognise as a presentation accommodation. Examples of accommodations i. reaction accommodation. Typing preparedness fittings rather than hand-writing them (considered a modification if the subject is learning to issue by hand).Or by having more or lessone else write down answers given verbally. ii. presentation accommodation. Listening to audio books rather than reading printed books. Agencies like Recording for the Blind and dyslexic and RNIB home(a) Library service in the UK provide a variety of titles on tape and CD. These may be utilise as substitutes for the text, or as supplements mean to bolster the students reading fluency and phonetic skills. Similar options include designating a person to read text to the student, or providing text to speech software.Others include designating a person to take notes during lectures, using a talk of the town calculator rather than one with on ly a visual display. iii. Setting accommodation. winning a test in a quieter room. Moving the class to a room that is physically accessible, e. g. , on the first write up of a building or in effect(p) an elevator or arranging seats assignments to benefit the student, e. g. , by sitting at the front of the classroom. iv. Scheduling accommodations. Students may be given rest breaks or extensive time on tests (may be considered a modification, if speed is a factor in the test).All developed countries permit or require some degree of accommodation for students with special needs, and special provisions are usually made in mental testings which take place at the end of conventional schooling. A modification changes or adapts the material to make it simpler. Modifications may change what is learned, how difficult the material is, what level of mastery the student is expected to achieve, whether and how the student is assessed, or any another aspect of the curriculum.For example, the school may modify a reading assignment for a student with reading difficulties by substituting a shorter, easier book. A student may receive some(prenominal) accommodations and modifications. Examples of modifications i. Skipping subjects Students may be taught less information than typical students, skipping over material that the school deems malapropos for the students abilities or less valuable than other subjects. For example, students whose fine aim skills are weak may be taught to print block letter and not cursive handwriting.ii. Simplified assignments Students may read the same literature as their peers but have a simpler version, for example Shakespeare with two the original text and a recent paraphrase available. iii. Shorter assignments Students may do shorter homework assignments or take shorter, more difficult tests, e. g. 10 math problems instead of 30. iv. pleonastic aids If students have deficiencies in workings memory, a list of vocabulary words, called a word bank, can be provided during tests, to reduce lack of pass and increment chances of comprehension.Students might use a calculator when other students are not. v. Extended time Students with dispirit processing speed may benefit from extended time in assignments and/or tests in order to comprehend questions, recall information, and synthesize knowledge. In addition to how the student is taught the academic curriculum, schools may provide non-academic services to the student. These are intended ultimately to increase the students personal and academic abilities. Related services include developmental, corrective, and other die hardive services as are required to assist a student with special needs.This includes speech and language pathology, audiology, psychological services, physical therapy, occupational therapy, counseling services, including replenishment counseling, orientation and mobility services, medical services as defined by regulations, parent counseling and tra ining, school health services, school social work, assistive technology services, other conquer developmental or corrective admit services, appropriate access to recreation and other appropriate support services.In some countries, most related services are provided by the schools in others, they are provided by the normal health concern and social services systems. As an example, students who have autistic spectrum disorder, low impulse control, or other behavioral challenges may learn self-management techniques, be unplowed closely on a consolingly predictable schedule, or given extra cues to signal activities. 6. CHANGING PERSPECTIVES ON superfluous NEEDS CHILDREN 6. CHANGING PERSPECTIVES ON fussy NEEDS CHILDREN In the nineteenth and twentieth century, medical profession was the first profession that gave significant circumspection to exceptional children.The attention was on the unique characteristics of the children that serve uped to diagnose their condition and treatme nt. They gave real little attention to the environment, the family, the enculturation and its influences on those children. For example if a child was blind or mental retarded, it was recognised that the problem was entirely within the child. The canonical problem was to find ways to help the child adapt to the surrounding world. As programs for exceptional children expanded, it became clear that exceptional child involved a mix of the individuals characteristics which needed totake into forecast the demands of the environment on each individual.With this, the image of exceptionality moved from a medical model, which implies a physical condition or disorder within the patient, to an ecological model which sees the exceptional child in complex fundamental moveion with environmental forces. 7. ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES ON extra NEEDS CHILDREN ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES ON particular NEEDS ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES ON additional NEEDS ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES ON limited NEEDS 7. ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES ON specific NEEDS CHILDREN ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES ON superfluous NEEDS ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES ON specific NEEDS.ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES ON extra NEEDS In order to watch exceptional children, we have to register the environment in which the child exists. The child is at the burden of a complex network of forces the family, the school, and the bigger fiat. As the child develops, the impact of each of these forces changed. For example, the family may be very of import in early years, but in later years, school and society become more important. Even though t he influence of parents on the child is undisputable, bur psychologists and educators also believe that children have a powerful influence on their parents.A child who is hyperactive or has difficulty giving attention can create negative reaction among other members of the family. This will increase the child problem. and then we need to look at both the effects of the family and the persona l characteristics on the child. On the other hand, the school environment exerts a significant influence on the developing individual. Social forces and values can also influence exceptional children. The acceptance or non acceptance of the society on the handicap children can affect the parents to cope with the exceptional child.Thus we can say that family, school, and society leave greater impact on the ability to cope with exceptionality than the individual or the nature of the exceptionality itself. 8. FAMILIES OF peculiar(prenominal) NEEDS CHILDREN 9. FAMILIES OF particular NEEDS CHILDREN One of the important elements in the ecological setting of any child is the family. For the exceptional child, the critical role of the family environment is more visible. For normal or capable person, it is difficult to understand what it is like to have a handicapping condition. We can try to understand physical handicap, blindness and deafness finished simulation.But still to those who have been handicap from birth they do not have the visual, auditory and motor memories to help them. In fact it is harder to imagine what it is like to be mentally retarded i. e. not to understand what is going on around them. work out failing at almost every tasks and what that does to an individual. Similarly it is hard to grasp the problems of the keen of superior ability child, who cannot understand wherefore others cannot see what is so obvious to him or her. Having exceptional children can happen to anyone, unheeding of educational background, family status or pecuniary standing.Society at large has begun to hold dear the pain and stress of parents having a child who is injure, and to realize the important of external support to maintain their equilibrium under those circumstances. most parents with a severely handicapped child must cope with at least two major crises. The first is the typic death of the child who was to be the loss of their dreams and relys. Expec tant parents have high hope for the unborn child for success, for education, and for financial security. The second crisis is more challenging the problem of providing free-and-easy care for their exceptional child.For example, the child who is autistic or cerebral palsied is ofttimes difficult to feed, to dress, and to put to bed. The thought that the child is not going to go done normal developmental process weighs heavy on them. 9. THE SPECIAL NEEDS CHILDREN AND THE teach 9. THE SPECIAL NEEDS CHILDREN AND THE SCHOOL instruct is not only a relate for learning but also a social training ground. School provides opportunities for the child to develop skills and knowledge that will allow him to adapt to the society, to respond to adult requirements, to interact with his peers, to form friendships, and to learn how to work hand in glove with others.For exceptional children school becomes particularly important in getting special kinds of assistance to become productive adults. Schools should carry out the responsibilities of providing a free public education for all children. In the past handicapped students have been deprived of the education because of the lore that these children did not fit into the realised program. However in recent decades the schools have veritable their role more positively in giving equal education for all. 10. THE SPECIAL NEEDS CHILDREN IN THE SOCIETY 10. THE SPECIAL NEEDS CHILDREN IN THE SOCIETY.The most subverter changes over the last few decades were the societys view and acceptance of exceptional individuals as contributing members of society. However, it is helpful to understand the history of special needs children. The impression of giving education to every child to the highest performance possible is relatively new idea. The use of the term exceptional is itself a reflection of radical change in societys view of those who differ from the norm. There are roughly 4 stages in the development of social attitudes towar d children and adult with handicaps1. During the pre-Christian era where handicapped children were neglected or mistreated. 2. During the spread of Christianity, those children were protected and pities. 3. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries where institutions started to be established to provide separate education for exceptional children 4. In the latter part of twentieth century, we see a movement toward accepting people with handicaps and integrating them into society to the fullest extent possible. 11. ISSUES cerebrate TO THE SPECIAL NEEDS CHILDREN 11. ISSUES RELATED TO THE SPECIAL NEEDS CHILDREN.1. At-Risk Students At risk students (those with educational needs that are not associated with a disability) are frequently placed in classes with students who have disabilities. Critics nominate that placing at-risk students in the same classes as students with disabilities may impede the educational progress of people with disabilities. Some special education classes have been criticized for a watered-down curriculum. 2. Inclusion The practice of inclusion (in mainstream classrooms) has been criticized by advocates and some parents of children with special needs.This is because some of these students require instructional methods that differ from typical classroom methods. Critics assert that it is not possible to deliver effectively two or more very different instructional methods in the same classroom. As a result, the educational provision for these students who depend on different instructional methods in order to learn often fall even further dirty dog their peers. Parents fear that their children would continue to lack back from the rest of the class and thereby impair the academic achievements of all students.(NOTE Discussion on Country Report) 3. Eligibility Criteria Some parents, advocates, and students have concerns about the eligibility criteria and their application. In some cases, parents and students protest the students placement into special education programs. For example, a student may be placed into the special education programs due to a mental health condition such as obsessive compulsive disorder, depression, anxiety, panic attacks or ADHD, while the student and his parents believe that the condition is adequately managed through medication and outside therapy.In other cases, students whose parents believe they require the additional support of special education services are denied participation in the program based on the eligibility criteria. 4. bad disabled children It is debated whether it is useful and appropriate to assay to educate the most severely disabled children, such as children who are in a persistent vegetative state. musical composition many severely disabled children can learn simple tasks, such as pushing a buzzer when they compliments attention, some children may be unequal to(p) of learning.Some parents and advocates say that these children would be let on served by substitut ing improved physical care for any academic program. 13. inclusive EDUCATION IN MALAYSIA COUNTRY paper MINISTRY OF EDUCATION MALAYSIA 14. inclusive EDUCATION IN MALAYSIA COUNTRY REPORT MINISTRY OF EDUCATION MALAYSIA National Education Philosophy * To reinforce the flush and goals of national education. * It emphasises holistic and integrated education. * To cling to well-balanced students physically, emotionally, spiritually and intellectually mess Excellent Schools and a Glorious Nation. missionary work Developing Individual Potential through Quality Education Overview of the system INCLUSIVE EDUCATION Welcome all learners heedless of their characteristics or disadvantages and addressing the diverse needs of all learners by reducing barriers within the learning environment. Adopting more holistic definition of inclusive education inclusive education mode that all students in a school, unheeding of their differences, are part of the school community and can feel that they bel ong. The mandate to ensure access, participation and achievement for every student is taken as given.(Department of Education, Tasmania, 2006) Building a school community where students are not only valued and respected but also involves social connectedness and creates a feeling of belonging among the students (DISABLED + NON DISABLED). Inclusive education in Malaysia is illustrated by the opportunity to get into access (without gender bias) to quality education for all, including At Risk children/adults, namely * Children with special education needs * Indigenous children (Orang Asli & Penans) * Children in hospitals (Schools in Hospital) * Young convicts and juveniles (IS & HGS)* Undocumented or stateless children and * Indigenous adults (Adult education classes) Malaysia Embraces Inclusive Education * 2003 Compulsory primary education * 2008 Free education or fully funded schooling (No school fees or examination fees) * Support program Textbooks-on-loan, boarding facilities, scholarships, allowances, pabulum & nutrition and school health. * Curricula for specific groups change/alternative curriculum for children with special needs, special curriculum for indigenous pupils and special learning modules for indigenous adults * Remedial and enrichment programs to reduce gaps in 3Rs.LEGISLATION ACT 550 EDUCATION ACT (1996) Chapter 3 Compulsory Education take care to provide primary education for all 29A. (1) The Minister may, by order print in the Gazette, enjoin primary education to be compulsory education. Chapter 8 Special Education 40. The Minister shall provide special education in special schools established under paragraph 34(1) (b) or in such primary or vicarious schools as the Minister deems expedient. Power to prescribe the duration of and curriculum on special education 41. (1) Subject to subsections (2) and (3), the Minister may by regulations prescribe .(a) the duration of primary and secondary education suitable to the needs of a pupil in pass of special education (b) the curriculum to be used in respect of special education (c) the categories of pupils requiring special education and the methods appropriate for the education of pupils in each category of special schools and (d) any other matter which the Minister deems expedient or necessary for the purposes of this Chapter. Below are illustrations of the acts ACT 685 PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES ACT PWDs (Persons with disabilities) (2008).36. (1) The Government and the private healthcare service provider shall make available internal health services to persons with disabilities which shall include the undermentioned a. prevention of further occurrence of disabilities, immunization, nutrition, environmental protection and preservation and genetic centering and b. early detection of disabilities and timely intervention to arrest disabilities and treatment for rehabilitation external LEGISLATION a. Convention on the Rights of the Child, UNESCO (12th declinati on 1989) b.Jomtein World Conference on Education for All, UNESCO (1990) Article 1 Meeting sanctioned Learning Needs Every person child, youth and adult shall be able to benefit from educational opportunities designed to meet their basic learning needs c. Salamanca dictation 1994 School should accommodate all children heedless of their physical, intellectual, social, emotional, linguistic or other conditions d. capital of Senegal Framework for Action (2000) Article 7(i) Expanding and alter comprehensive early childhood care and education for the most vulnerable and discriminate children e.Biwako Millennium Framework for Action 2002 Towards an Inclusive, restraint Free & Right-based Society for Persons with Disabilities f. Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities 2006 TYPES OF CHILDREN WITH LEARNING DISABILITIES 1. Children with Pervasive Development Disorders (PDD), Autism, Asperger Syndrome, Rett Syndrome, childhood Disintegrative Disorder or PDD-NOS. 2. Childr en with ad hoc Developmental Disorders Speech & Language, Cognitive Skills, labour Function and mixed specific developmental disorders. 3. Children with chromosomal disorder (Angelman/Prader Willi Syndrome, Down Syndrome , Klinefelter Syndrome)4. Children with other Developmental Disorders (Apert Syndrome, Goldenhar, Syndrome, Noonan Syndrome) 5. Children with Specific Learning Difficulties Dyslexia, Dyspraxia, Dyscalculia, Dysgraphia, etcetera 6. Children with Emotional Behavioural Difficulties ADD, ADHD, CD, ODD, etc. 7. Children with multiple disabilities. EARLY IDENTIFICATION & INTERVENTION betimes Identification a. Literacy and Numeracy Screening (LINUS) b. Checklist (Screening instrument) Identify children for special needs to be referred for diagnosis by registered doctors EARLY AND TIMELY INTERVENTION a. Special Education -.* Trained teachers, teaching styles, classroom environment, curriculum, extracurricular activities and assistive devices. * Special Education a dvantage Centres Special Education Service Centre a. Facilities * audiology room * Low vision room * Occupational therapy room * Physiotherapy room * Psychology room * Multi-sensory room * Common Rehab Corner and * monkey library. b. Personnel * Audiologist * Speech pathologist * wayfaring * Physiotherapist * Occupational Therapist * educational and/or Clinical Psychologist. c. Services * Audiology * Individual/Group Speech Therapy * hearing aids and Braille maintenance * low vision and mob.